If there is an upstream icu bug, it is still private. I have attempted to repro on rhel-7.2 based on variants of the PHP function, but no success so far.
PHP upstream crash report shows a stack overflow in Locale::Locale(char*). RHEL builds icu with -fstack-protector, which prevents traditional code execution vectors through stack smashing. I don't see any dangerous adjacent stack contents in that constructor, so the impact here is limited to a crash.