In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

USB: dummy-hcd: Fix locking/synchronization error

Syzbot testing was able to provoke an addressing exception and crash
in the usb_gadget_udc_reset() routine in
drivers/usb/gadgets/udc/core.c, resulting from the fact that the
routine was called with a second ("driver") argument of NULL.  The bad
caller was set_link_state() in dummy_hcd.c, and the problem arose
because of a race between a USB reset and driver unbind.

These sorts of races were not supposed to be possible; commit
7dbd8f4cabd9 ("USB: dummy-hcd: Fix erroneous synchronization change"),
along with a few followup commits, was written specifically to prevent
them.  As it turns out, there are (at least) two errors remaining in
the code.  Another patch will address the second error; this one is
concerned with the first.

The error responsible for the syzbot crash occurred because the
stop_activity() routine will sometimes drop and then re-acquire the
dum->lock spinlock.  A call to stop_activity() occurs in
set_link_state() when handling an emulated USB reset, after the test
of dum->ints_enabled and before the increment of dum->callback_usage.
This allowed another thread (doing a driver unbind) to sneak in and
grab the spinlock, and then clear dum->ints_enabled and dum->driver.
Normally this other thread would have to wait for dum->callback_usage
to go down to 0 before it would clear dum->driver, but in this case it
didn't have to wait since dum->callback_usage had not yet been
incremented.

The fix is to increment dum->callback_usage _before_ calling
stop_activity() instead of after.  Then the thread doing the unbind
will not clear dum->driver until after the call to
usb_gadget_udc_reset() safely returns and dum->callback_usage has been
decremented again.