when I install the new kernel is small 53kb but with the dnf is normally installed, it gives an error at startup and does not start.
Please post your update logs and the error message you see. From what it sounds like, you only have the kernel metapackage installed and not the full kernel which is in kernel-core and kernel-modules.
starts when the following error appears : error premature end of file /vmlinux-4.3.3.3-301.fc23.X86_64
You didn't post what I asked for, but it seems like your update transaction was incomplete. Boot into an older kernel, then remove 4.3.3-301.fc23.x86_64 with: dnf remove kernel-4.3.3-301.fc23.x86_64 kernel-core-4.3.3-301.fc23.x86_64 kernel-modules-4.3.3-301.fc23.x86_64 Then reinstall it.