Because the chroot call can only work for root, when I tried to install a package into a temporary directory as a non-priviledged user it failed to chroot and attempted to install into /. RPM should probably detect this case and signal an error, or at least check the result code from chroot. It is unfortunate that regular users can't do this, but I suppose that is a complaint for whoever decreed that chroot shall only work for root.
*** Bug 11510 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
Collecting rpm needs root problems at #49899. *** This bug has been marked as a duplicate of 49899 ***