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Set a "low" hard quota for number of open files (e.g. ulimit -Hn 1000) and configure passt to forward all the TCP ports, e.g.:

  passt -f -t all

At this point, passt reports that it's failing to open sockets with a very long sequence of "Too many open files" messages, and it will terminate.

If you forward just a bit less than 1000 ports, it might not even terminate, because it can actually bind all the ports and set up all the sockets needed during the setup phase, but not work at all, as it can't open outbound sockets.

This behaviour looks quite confusing, and was tracked upstream at: https://bugs.passt.top/show_bug.cgi?id=27.

We need this upstream commit:

  https://passt.top/passt/commit/?id=bb2b67cb3549ea2509f5b7b88790e08d2e362351
  conf: Terminate on EMFILE or ENFILE on sockets for port mapping

Since the problem described in this bug report should be
resolved in a recent advisory, it has been closed with a
resolution of ERRATA.

For information on the advisory (passt bug fix and enhancement update), and where to find the updated
files, follow the link below.

If the solution does not work for you, open a new bug report.

https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHBA-2023:2292