I've run into the same problem with Fedora 17 and the p37p1 interface:

# dhcp_probe p37p1 -d 255 -f
note:   starting, version 1.3.0
info:   read_configfile: starting
info:   read_configfile: done
error:  get_myipaddr: couldn't locate interface p37p1
error:  couldn't determine IP addr for interface p37p1
note:   exiting

src/get_myipaddr.c:

   120                  /* increment ptr to next interface for next time through the loop */
   121  #ifdef __ARCH__ /* Debian GNU/Linux behavior for packaging goal */
   122                  switch(__ARCH__) {
   123                          case 32:        /* 32 bits architectures */
   124                                  ptr += sizeof(ifr->ifr_name) + len;
   125                                  break;
   126                          case 64:        /* 64 bits architectures */
   127                                  ptr += sizeof(struct ifreq);
   128                                  break;
   129                          default:        /* Default dhcp_probe behavior */
   130                                  ptr += sizeof(ifr->ifr_name) + len;
   131                                  break;
   132                  }
   133  #else   /* Default dhcp_probe behavior */
   134                  ptr += sizeof(ifr->ifr_name) + len;
   135  #endif

The __ARCH__ here is undefined. Hence the code takes the "else" path, which is wrong, because the next struct is at +sizeof(struct ifreq) as in the "64"-case.

Please investigate whether this is just a packaging mistake.

Indeed. The Debian package defines that value:

  CFLAGS += -D__ARCH__=$(DEB_HOST_ARCH_BITS)

More can be read in the related patch file.

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dhcp_probe-1.3.0-12.fc17 has been submitted as an update for Fedora 17.
https://admin.fedoraproject.org/updates/dhcp_probe-1.3.0-12.fc17

Package dhcp_probe-1.3.0-12.fc17:
* should fix your issue,
* was pushed to the Fedora 17 testing repository,
* should be available at your local mirror within two days.
Update it with:
# su -c 'yum update --enablerepo=updates-testing dhcp_probe-1.3.0-12.fc17'
as soon as you are able to.
Please go to the following url:
https://admin.fedoraproject.org/updates/FEDORA-2012-11635/dhcp_probe-1.3.0-12.fc17
then log in and leave karma (feedback).

dhcp_probe-1.3.0-12.fc17 has been pushed to the Fedora 17 stable repository.  If problems still persist, please make note of it in this bug report.